🧮 Cutting prover memory with quadratic reductions in zero‑knowledge systems
2025-09-24Quadratic memory reductions for zero‑knowledge proofs target a critical prover bottleneck, enabling larger circuits and more economical hardware to participate in private verification. Techniques such as streaming polynomial commitments, chunked FFTs/MSMs, folding or recursion, and I/O‑aware scheduling can trade additional computation for lower peak RAM. Careful layout of witness data, commitment phases, and transcript handling reduces memory pressure without breaking soundness. The approach benefits SNARK/STARK constructions where prover memory scales poorly, making deployments more feasible on constrained machines. Practical gains depend on circuit structure and the balance between runtime overhead and memory savings.
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